What is diet coke made of
Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for Coca-Cola, the Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it sells to Mallinckrodt, a St. The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a trade secret, although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published. Cocaine is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine. The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to bottlers throughout the world, who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride. The actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. The metabolism is dominated by hydrolytic ester cleavage, so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of benzoylecgonine (BE), the major metabolite, and other significant metabolites in lesser amounts such as ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and ecgonine. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Cocaine has since been largely replaced in Western medicine by synthetic local anesthetics such as benzocaine, proparacaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine though it remains available for use if specified. Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. (-NO 3 ). Only when mixed with a highly alkaline substance (such as lime) can it be absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid-liquid extraction. S. Eagle Drug and Chemical House in Columbus, Georgia. If vasoconstriction is desired for a procedure (as it reduces bleeding), the anesthetic is combined with a vasoconstrictor such as phenylephrine or epinephrine. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine, there is also danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug. Because cocaine is hydrolyzed and rendered inactive in the acidic stomach, it is not readily absorbed when ingested alone. (April 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ). Cocaine dependence is a form of psychological dependence that develops from regular cocaine use and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. First, the drug is partly catabolized by the liver. The bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores, restaurants and vending machines throughout the world. This is mostly done with the small amounts of cocaine remaining on a surface after insufflation (snorting). The Coca-Cola Company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. This Coca-Cola advertisement from 1943 is still displayed in Minden, Louisiana. The writing style used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid-19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period. This is a list of variants of Coca-Cola introduced around the world. Typically, only a third of an oral dose is absorbed, although absorption has been shown to reach 60% in controlled settings. Cocaine constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system. For the college football game, see Coca-Cola Classic (college football). In animals, however, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. Coca leaves are typically mixed with an alkaline substance (such as lime ) and chewed into a wad that is retained in the mouth between gum and cheek (much in the same as chewing tobacco is chewed) and sucked of its juices. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Cherry, Zero, Vanilla and special versions with lemon, lime and coffee. A spoon containing baking soda, cocaine, and a small amount of water. Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Nevertheless, cocaine metabolites can be detected in the urine of subjects that have sipped even one cup of coca leaf infusion. Alternatively, coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea. In addition to the caffeine-free version of the original, additional fruit flavors have been included over the years. The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid, however, is still uncertain. These results suggest that the administration of coca leaf infusion plus counseling would be an effective method for preventing relapse during treatment for cocaine addiction. Despite this, the DEA seized several shipments in Hawaii, Chicago, Georgia, and several locations on the East Coast of the United States, and the product was removed from the shelves. Finally, a loss of vesicular monoamine transporters, neurofilament proteins, and other morphological changes appear to indicate a long term damage of dopamine neurons. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. As with all injected illicit substances, there is a risk of the user contracting blood-borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used. The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine, which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The effects of drinking coca tea are a mild stimulation and mood lift. This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable on conveyor belts. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. It does not produce any significant numbing of the mouth nor does it give a rush like snorting cocaine. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation. Depression with suicidal ideation may develop in very heavy users. Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. By 1920, the contour bottle became the standard for The Coca-Cola Company. Candler then sought to move swiftly forward to attain his vision of taking full control of the whole Coca-Cola operation. This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. Detection of accumulation of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out. Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. The company gave in to protests and returned to a variation of the old formula using high fructose corn syrup instead of cane sugar as the main sweetener, under the name Coca-Cola Classic, on July 10, 1985. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California took advantage of a case involving a waitress injured by an exploding Coca-Cola bottle to articulate the doctrine of strict liability for defective products. Relapses fell from an average of four times per month before treatment with coca tea to one during the treatment. When smoked, cocaine is sometimes combined with other drugs, such as cannabis, often rolled into a joint or blunt. Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation. On February 11, 2011, Ira Glass revealed on his PRI radio show, This American Life, that the secret formula to Coca-Cola had been uncovered in a 1979 newspaper. In 1911, the U. One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design, but, while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years, he was in the French Army the year the bottle was invented and did not emigrate to the United States until 1919. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT. Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include coughing up blood, bronchospasm, itching, fever, diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia, chest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, asthma, hoarse voice, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and an aching, flu -like syndrome. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulation, increased heart rate, and mood elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless. Believed to be the first coupon ever, this ticket for a free glass of Coca-Cola was first distributed in 1888 to help promote the drink. Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain. The efficiency of absorption of orally administered cocaine is limited by two additional factors. Coca herbal infusion (also referred to as coca tea ) is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils (the septum nasi ), leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Dean and Edwards went to the Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library and were unable to find any information about coca or kola. Inhalation or smoking is one of the several means cocaine is administered.
The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, such as Coca-Cola Enterprises, Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company and Coca-Cola FEMSA, but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world. A typical 12 oz (355 ml) can contains 38g of sugar (usually in the form of high fructose corn syrup ). Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Originally intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton. government initiated United States v. In one controversial study, coca leaf infusion was used—in addition to counseling—to treat 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima, Peru. While the stimulating effects may last for hours, the euphoric sensation is very brief, prompting the user to smoke more immediately. Root, president of the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff, including company auditor T. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. Cocaine can be dissolved in water and withdrawn into an oral syringe which may then be lubricated and inserted into the anus or vagina before the plunger is pushed. Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions (prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves) purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. In August 2014 the company announced it was forming a long-term partnership with Monster Beverage, with the two forging a strategic marketing and distribution alliance, and product line swap. Another clause was discussed, whereby the same rules apply if a person is unaware of the condition or ingredients of the item in question. When inhaled or injected, it causes a numbing effect. Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a design patent was issued on the bottle in November 1915. Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Second, capillaries in the mouth and esophagus constrict after contact with the drug, reducing the surface area over which the drug can be absorbed. The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable on conveyor belts. The hydrochloride (HCl) salt of cocaine is by far the most commonly encountered, although the sulfate (-SO 4 ) and the nitrate (-NO 3 ) are occasionally seen. Use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca-Cola advertising. It was reintroduced in June 2007 by popular demand. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson, and Earl R. Cocaine can often cause reduced food intake, many chronic users lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss. The bottlers, who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company, produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate, in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke. The Las Vegas Strip World of Coca-Cola museum in 2003. Currently available in Coca-Cola Freestyle fountain outlets in the United States since 2009 and in the United Kingdom since 2014. The tropane ring system undergoes hydrolysis, SAM-dependent methylation, and reduction via NADPH for the formation of methylecgonine. Currently available in the United States and the United Kingdom in Coca-Cola Freestyle fountain since 2009. Ingesting coca leaves generally is an inefficient means of administering cocaine. Cocaine - a tropane alkaloid - is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form various salts. Drug injection provides the highest blood levels of drug in the shortest amount of time. Eventually, Charley Pemberton was found on June 23, 1894, unconscious, with a stick of opium by his side. He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the Owens-Illinois Glass Company bought out the Root Glass Company in the mid-1930s. Contrary to popular belief, both ingestion and insufflation result in approximately the same proportion of the drug being absorbed: 30 to 60%. It has been promoted as an adjuvant for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Coca tea, an infusion of coca leaves, is also a traditional method of consumption. In 1914, Margaret Dozier, as co-owner of the original Coca-Cola Company in 1888, came forward to claim that her signature on the 1888 Coca-Cola Company bill of sale had been forged. Sugar ( sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) depending on country of origin). The case was decided in favor of Coca-Cola. Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its formula. Coca-Cola has been a point of legal discussion in the Middle East. Cocaine was historically useful as a topical anesthetic in eye and nasal surgery, although it is now predominantly used for nasal and lacrimal duct surgery. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants and food service distributors. A revised version was also patented in 1923. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. Chronic cocaine intake causes strong imbalances of transmitter levels in order to compensate extremes. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirt design of 1915 now so familiar. Anxiety, paranoia, and restlessness can also occur, especially during the comedown. The proprietor of the bottling works was Joseph A. Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution which will precipitate to non-polar basic cocaine. Dean, bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room. (May 2016). It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature. It has been responsible for numerous deaths, including celebrities such as John Belushi, Chris Farley, Mitch Hedberg, River Phoenix, Layne Staley and Philip Seymour Hoffman. Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold-making machinery, over the next 24 hours Dean sketched out a concept drawing which was approved by Root the next morning. The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner cheek and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed. Charley Pemberton, an alcoholic, was the one obstacle who unnerved Asa Candler more than anyone else. Early Coca-Cola bottling machine at Biedenharn Museum and Gardens in Monroe, Louisiana. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The Coca-Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under the Coke name. Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root. This method of administration is commonly administered using an oral syringe. In order to prevent the demonization of this product, its promoters publicize the unproven concept that much of the effect of the ingestion of coca leaf infusion would come from the secondary alkaloids, as being not only quantitatively different from pure cocaine but also qualitatively different. He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle. The locomotor enhancing properties of cocaine may be attributable to its enhancement of dopaminergic transmission from the substantia nigra. Another oral method is to wrap up some cocaine in rolling paper and swallow ( parachute ) it. Anecdotal evidence of its effects is infrequently discussed, possibly due to social taboos in many cultures.
